The cervical lymph nodes are so superficial that they can be imaged with a high-frequency linear transducer. The presence of cervical lymph node metastases is a critical prognostic factor in patients with malignancies elsewhere. Gray-scale zoography can be localize the anatomic region of cervical lymph nodes and give a knowledge of the number, size, shape and tissue characteristics of them. Color and power Doppler zoography help us to identify the vascular resistance and flow pattern of lymph nodes. Therefore Duplex ultrasonography can help us to differentiate Normal and abNormal cervical lymph nodes. The aim of this review is to present the ultrasonographic findings of Normal and abNormal cervical lymph nodes.

Background: Glycosidases profusion in male reproductive fluids suggests a possible relationship with sperm function. Although Hexosaminidase (Hex) is the most active glycosidase in epididymal fluid and seminal plasma, as well as in spermatozoa, Glucosidase is considered a marker for epididymal function and azoospermia.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine Hex activity in seminal plasma from patients with Normal and abNormal spermograms and analyze its correlation with seminal parameters.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, seminal plasma from azoospermic, asthenozoospermic, teratozoospermic, and normozoospermic patients was analyzed for the activity of: total Hex, HexA isoform, and glucosidase. Besides, hexosamine levels were determined, and the amount of Hex was quantified by immunoblot with a specific antibody. Correlation of Hex activity with seminal parameters was also analyzed.Results: Hex activity, like glucosidase, was significantly reduced in azoospermic samples (44, 49, and 60% reduction for total Hex, HexA and glucosidase, respectively). A reduced amount of Hex in azoospermic samples was confirmed by western immunoblot. Hex activity was negatively correlated with round cells in azoospermic samples and positively correlated with motility in asthenozoospermic ones.Conclusion: The results suggested that Hex activity was reduced in azoospermic samples and this was due to a lower amount of enzyme. The correlation to seminal parameters related to particular pathologies suggests a possible relationship of Hex with fertilizing capacity.

Background: It is well known that healthy and cancer cells are different in energy consumption. These differences lead to small changes in local temperature, so infrared thermal imaging (thermography) are applications for diagnosis of several types of cancer such as breast cancer. There are some problems in our country such as a variety of cultural and religious issues to take sample thermal images of the breast, so it is time consuming procedure to take samples. For verification of cancer detection algorithm from thermal images, its necessary to simulate the thermal profile of the breast as a database .One way to achieve optimal database is using thermal images of breast tissue that is simulated by computer.Methods: Doing this needs some steps, first we used statistical software to achieve point of breast volume, and then we meshed this volume by using Gambit software. In the next step the volume that was created, was entered into the Fluent software in order to simulate Normal breast, finally tumor with 2 cm diameter was put in certain depth (6 cm) with simulation thermal images of abNormal breast. Also, this tumor was put in different depth and evaluated the temperature changes on the surface.Results: It clearly shows that the tumor had considerable influence on the simulated thermal profile of the breast. It is possible to simulate various types of breast without any modern heat equipment and verifying validation of diagnostic algorithms.Conclusion: Simulations of thermal profiles show that tumor, disrupts the heat distribution on the surface of the breast.